Does Nylon Contain PFAS?

What is nylon and how is it made?

Nylon refers to a family of synthetic polymers known as polyamides. These polymers are created through a chemical reaction involving specific monomers, such as adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine (in the case of nylon 66). Other variations, including nylon 6 and nylon 12, originate from different building blocks. The basic production process typically includes:

1. Polymerization: Manufacturers combine and heat monomers under carefully managed conditions.

2. Cooling and pelletizing: Once the reaction is complete, nylon is cooled, then formed into small pellets or chips.

3. Spinning: The pellets are melted and extruded through spinnerets to create filaments.

4. Drawing and texturing: The filaments are stretched and sometimes texturized to achieve specific performance characteristics.

According to historical records, nylon gained its first major popularity during the 1939 New York World’s Fair when it was showcased as a material for women’s stockings. During World War II, nylon replaced silk and hemp in parachutes, ropes, and other military supplies. Over the decades, manufacturers have continued refining nylon to suit various applications. Today, we see it in clothing, industrial parts, automotive components, and consumer goods. Different formulations such as nylon 6, nylon 66, and nylon 12 offer variable qualities:

• Nylon 6 (PA6): Common in textiles, with decent chemical and moisture resistance.

• Nylon 66 (PA66): Known for strength and heat resistance.

• Nylon 12 (PA12): Noted for flexibility and low moisture absorption in applications like automotive tubing.

Whether used in apparel, carpeting, or molded items, nylon presents several advantages: it is durable, relatively lightweight, and resistant to abrasion. Depending on its composition and any added treatments, nylon can also be engineered for water repellence and stain resistance. While pure nylon has none of the carbon-fluorine bonds that define PFAS, certain additives can be introduced during or after manufacturing.

What are PFAS and why are they harmful?

PFAS stands for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, a large family of synthetic chemicals first developed in the 1940s. These chemicals resist oil, water, and heat, which makes them attractive for a range of commercial uses. Their prevalence has steadily grown over the last few decades in products like firefighting foam, nonstick cookware, stain-resistant fabrics, food packaging, and cleaning solutions.

According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a core concern with PFAS is that many members of this chemical family break down very slowly. Because of their durability, they migrate into water supplies, soil, air, and the food chain. Over time, PFAS can accumulate in human and animal tissues. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that most people in the United States have at least some PFAS in their blood. Some documented reasons PFAS can be harmful include:

• Persistence: PFAS molecules have carbon-fluorine bonds among the strongest in organic chemistry. This makes them resistant to degradation.

• Bioaccumulation: Repeated exposures, even at low levels, can lead to higher overall concentrations in the body.

• Potential health effects: Research suggests that certain PFAS may be associated with increased cholesterol levels, interference with hormones, reduced immune response, and higher risk of some cancers.

Although PFAS vary in their specific chemical structure, major types like PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid) and PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) were commonly used for their repellency properties. These particular compounds largely disappeared from the US marketplace around mid-2010s. However, “short-chain” PFAS have been introduced as replacements, and ongoing studies examine whether these newer variants pose similar risks.

If you would like more information on how PFAS exposure may affect health, visit our page on pfas health effects. We also feature a pfas contamination map if you are curious whether your region faces known PFAS issues.

Does nylon itself contain PFAS?

From a chemical standpoint, nylon does not intrinsically include the carbon-fluorine bonds that define PFAS. Instead, nylon is a polyamide primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Its performance properties—such as tensile strength, flexibility, and moisture absorption—reflect that molecular structure.

However, recent investigations highlight that PFAS can still appear in some nylon products. These appearances usually arise not from nylon’s raw polymer composition, but from:

• Additives incorporated during manufacturing (for example, flame retardants or antimicrobials).

• Post-production treatments applied to enhance water or stain repellency.

• Environmental contamination during processing, such as water sources containing PFAS used for washing or cooling.

The California Environmental Protection Agency has noted examples of PFAS use in nylon for carpets and rugs. In some cases, it is unclear whether these PFAS are intentionally added as a treatment, or if they appear as byproducts of chemical synthesis steps. Manufacturers may opt for PFAS-based coatings to provide added performance features, particularly for specialty textiles. This means that while “bare nylon” is PFAS-free, finished products frequently include PFAS-based finishes.

Given the range of industrial processes and brand variations, a textile labeled “nylon” can carry PFAS if specific coatings were applied. We have observed that certain clothing lines tout themselves as “PFOA-free” or “PFAS-free,” but many do not publish clear guidelines on how they test for the entire PFAS family. This leaves consumers wondering exactly what chemicals might be in their garments.

When are PFAS added to nylon products?

PFAS are well-known for their ability to repel water and oil, so many industries find these chemicals useful in niche finishing processes. Below are common scenarios in which PFAS can be added to nylon-based products.

Water-resistant clothing and outdoor gear

Waterproof jackets, hiking apparel, and outdoor equipment often feature durable water-repellent (DWR) coatings. Historically, many DWR formulas used PFAS. The stable molecular structure of PFAS repels moisture, making the fabric bead water droplets on the surface. High-performance gear, such as snow jackets or ski pants, may rely on these treatments.

Some manufacturers now seek fluorine-free or PFAS-free alternatives to meet rising consumer concerns. While these newer finishes may be less durable, user demand for safer, more sustainable products is fueling innovation. The challenge is to maintain water resistance without introducing other harmful chemicals.

Stain-resistant treatments

Nylon’s porous nature makes it susceptible to staining if exposed to oils, beverages, or other substances. PFAS-based protectants have been applied to nylon carpets, upholstery, and apparel to keep liquids on the surface, making them easier to wipe away.

Although the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has phased out several PFAS-based grease-proofing compounds in paper products, it has also noted that manufacturers voluntarily discontinued other PFAS used in consumer items. These phase-outs aim to eliminate the primary source of PFAS exposure in authorized food-contact uses, but do not always address textile applications. Stain-resistant treatments for fabrics often wear off over time, generating additional concerns about PFAS leaching or shedding into the environment.

Nonstick or coated household goods

Nylon finds application in cooking utensils and other household items. Some products may receive special coatings to create nonstick surfaces or to extend their durability. Nonstick coatings often relied on PFOA in the past, though many brands now claim “PFOA-free” on their labeling.

When these products are made from nylon with an added layer of PFAS-based coating, they might still pose an exposure risk. While direct contact scenarios like cooking utensils might lead to heat-related degradation, PFAS are generally highly stable. Any resulting residue that flakes off or disperses into air is a matter still under study.

How can you tell if a nylon product contains PFAS?

Identifying PFAS in nylon products can be challenging for everyday consumers. Manufacturers rarely list “PFAS” directly among the product details. However, there are steps you can take:

1. Check labeling: Some brands use labels like “fluorine-free” or “PFAS-free.” Others highlight that they rely on mechanical finishing rather than chemical coatings.

2. Research brand commitments: Certain outdoor apparel companies have publicly announced a timeline to eliminate PFAS from all product lines. Visit official brand websites or trusted third-party sources to verify these pledges.

3. Contact customer service: If a brand claims “waterproof,” “stain-resistant,” or “nonstick” properties, ask about the specific chemical treatments used.

4. Look for third-party certifications: Certifiers like bluesign® or OEKO-TEX® limit certain harmful chemical applications. While not a guarantee, they can be a clue that fewer PFAS are employed.

5. Independent laboratory testing: In rare but high-stakes situations, individuals have sent suspicious fabrics for specialized testing. Labs can detect extremely low levels of PFAS (parts per trillion in some cases).

As consumers, we often rely on labeling or brand transparency. Unfortunately, it can be difficult to confirm the complete absence of PFAS without chemical analysis. This lack of clarity is a key reason policymakers and advocacy groups push for stricter regulation and disclosure requirements.

Are there PFAS-free nylon alternatives?

Nylon itself already lacks the signature carbon-fluorine bonds that make PFAS persistent. However, certain types of recycled nylon or specialized treatments can inadvertently introduce fluorinated compounds. When seeking PFAS-free options, consider:

• Untreated nylon: Look for uncoated or mechanical-finish fabrics that rely on weaving rather than chemicals to achieve water or stain resistance.

• Newer DWR finishes: Companies are experimenting with fluorine-free repellent technologies based on silicon or hydrocarbon polymers instead of PFAS. These may offer modest water repellency without the same persistence profile.

• Bio-based polyamides: Some manufacturing processes for “nylon 4” and other polyamides use renewable sources. While this does not inherently remove PFAS, these processes are often part of sustainability initiatives that might also exclude fluorinated chemicals.

• Alternative fabrics: If water resistance is essential, some consumers opt for waxed cotton, polyester blends, or polyurethane coatings. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses. Waxed cotton, for instance, provides water resistance through natural wax, though it can be heavier or require re-waxing.

Reputable companies sometimes promote lines specifically labeled “PFAS-free,” so checking brand statements is worthwhile. Be cautious of marketing claims like “PFOA-free,” which may not cover the entire PFAS category.

Do clothing and textile brands disclose PFAS use?

Regulations on PFAS disclosure vary by region, and brand transparency is often voluntary. Some jurisdictions in the United States and European Union require more rigorous chemical reporting for consumer goods, which can include textiles. Many brands, especially those with environmental pledges, now:

• Publish sustainability reports indicating their progress in removing PFAS.

• Outline timelines for phasing out certain chemicals.

• Obtain third-party certifications confirming reduced or eliminated PFAS usage.

Meanwhile, many other labels remain silent about chemical ingredients that may be in their finishes. This inconsistency can create confusion. Consumer advocacy organizations and environmental interest groups frequently push for uniform labeling standards, so shoppers can readily compare and choose products aligned with their health and environmental priorities.

In the outdoor apparel sector, reputable companies sometimes share detailed chemical policies and testing results. For example, some brands have set 2025 or 2030 as target years to be fully PFAS-free, reflecting the complexities of adopting new, nontoxic finishing technologies.

Health and environmental risks of PFAS in synthetic materials

PFAS are notable for their persistence in the environment and potential health risks when accumulation occurs in the body. According to the CDC, a vast majority of individuals tested in the United States had measurable levels of multiple PFAS in their blood. Although the exact effects depend on the specific PFAS type and exposure level, the following concerns are frequently discussed:

• Potential carcinogenicity: Some PFAS have shown possible links to certain cancers, including kidney and testicular cancer, during studies. To learn more, consider reading about pfas and cancer.

• Hormone disruption: Exposure to PFAS may disrupt endocrine function, interfering with thyroid regulation and other processes.

• Immune response: Research suggests that PFAS could reduce the effectiveness of vaccines and overall immune response.

• Developmental effects: Children and pregnant women might be more vulnerable to PFAS exposure because of faster metabolic rates and smaller body mass. Studies continue to investigate potential risks like pfas and preeclampsia.

From an environmental standpoint, PFAS contaminate water, soil, and wildlife. The substances do not easily degrade, leading to buildup in ecosystems. The US EPA’s stewardship program aimed to eliminate or drastically limit many PFAS chemicals from production and emissions by 2015, yet international supply chains still permit the manufacture and import of certain PFAS products. This means that even if some forms of PFAS are no longer produced domestically, they might still arrive as part of imported goods.

As PFAS break down slowly, repeated release from manufacturing plants or consumer product disposal continues to spread them. Contaminated water sources then require extensive treatment. If you are concerned that PFAS may be in your local water, see our resources on pfas in drinking water and pfas water filter. These pages outline potential filtration methods and the science behind them.

If you or your loved ones suspect health consequences linked to PFAS exposure, our partner site, Legal Claim Assistant, offers a free case review with experienced attorneys. You can learn more at PFAS Lawsuit.

Frequently asked questions (FAQ)

Is nylon by itself a PFAS chemical?

No. Nylon is a polyamide that does not inherently contain the carbon-fluorine bonds defining PFAS. However, PFAS can be introduced during finishing processes or via additives.

Why do manufacturers add PFAS coatings to nylon?

Many companies use PFAS-based coatings for water and stain resistance. These coatings help apparel, carpets, and other products repel liquids, but also increase concerns about chemical persistence and human exposure.

Could my water-resistant jacket expose me to PFAS?

If your jacket was treated with a PFAS-based durable water-repellent finish, small amounts of PFAS could eventually flake off or leach into the environment. The level of human exposure from apparel alone is still being investigated. For additional measures, consult our guide on how to remove pfas from water if you suspect broader contamination in your living space.

Can I wash away PFAS from treated garments?

Regular laundering might reduce the effectiveness of PFAS coatings over months or years, but it does not necessarily eliminate PFAS from the garment entirely. Some PFAS can be released into wastewater, raising additional environmental concerns. For information about the disposal or treatment of contaminated water, see pfas in wastewater.

Are there reliable labels for PFAS-free nylon goods?

Certifications like OEKO-TEX® or bluesign® may ensure stricter limits on chemicals, but they do not guarantee that no PFAS are present. Check brand announcements or contact customer-service channels directly to confirm product claims.

Does recycled nylon also contain PFAS?

Sometimes. Recycled nylon, especially from industrial sources like carpets, can carry additives such as flame retardants, antimicrobial agents, or PFAS. The feedstock’s history determines whether residual chemicals carry over.

Should I avoid wearing nylon altogether?

Not necessarily. Nylon itself is not a PFAS chemical, and many nylon items may not contain PFAS-based finishes. It depends on the brand, product purpose, and manufacturing process. If you are concerned, look for explicit statements regarding PFAS-free finishes or choose alternatives with comparable performance characteristics.

What can I do if I suspect PFAS-related health issues?

If you have medical concerns or believe contamination in your environment has caused health issues, consider getting a blood test to check PFAS levels. Speak with healthcare professionals about your test results. For legal support, visit PFAS Lawsuit to see whether you might qualify for compensation or further legal action.

Are short-chain PFAS safer than long-chain PFAS?

Research is ongoing. Short-chain PFAS may accumulate somewhat less in the body, but there is no consensus they are completely safe. Authorities continue to evaluate whether these replacements pose similar health or environmental risks.

What regulations address PFAS in consumer products?

Various state-level restrictions target PFAS in food packaging, firefighting foams, and children’s products. National regulations vary, and some global efforts, like the Stockholm Convention, have banned specific long-chain PFAS chemicals. However, many shorter-chain PFAS remain legally permitted.