PFAS in New York

PFAS in New York’s drinking water

Drinking water is one of the most common routes of PFAS exposure. According to available data, 189 New York drinking water systems, serving about 1.3 million people, tested positive for PFOA and PFOS levels between 4 parts per trillion (ppt) and 10 ppt from 2023 to 2024. Without rigorous state and federal standards, many water providers would not be required to install activated carbon or other filtration methods to remove these chemicals.

DEC and NYSDOH have taken steps to address drinking water contamination. In many locations, the state has mandated the installation of PFAS-specific filtering systems for public supplies. However, maintaining and upgrading water treatment facilities can be expensive and time-consuming. Communities already grappling with aging water infrastructure now face added pressure to fund PFAS-specific mitigation. Long Island, for instance, could require an estimated billion-dollar investment to upgrade its water systems in line with stricter filtration and monitoring obligations.

In April 2025, DEC granted conditional approval to Northrop Grumman’s Phase 2 Data Gap Sampling Work Plan to refine ongoing cleanup efforts at the former Grumman settling ponds. The plan aims to advance soil excavation and further reduce the risk of PFAS and other pollutants leaching into local water sources.

PFAS in New York’s soil and agriculture

PFAS contamination does not stop at waterways. Soil pollution can occur via industrial sites, landfill runoff, or the use of firefighting foams during emergency response training. The chemicals can migrate through the soil and into groundwater, impacting agriculture and livestock. Since PFAS do not easily break down, farmland that has absorbed these substances might have elevated risks associated with crop uptake.

In Western New York, the DEC has been transforming certain contaminated properties into revitalized ecological zones or development projects. For example, the Erie County site at 3 Gates Circle in Buffalo underwent environmental reviews before being redeveloped. Even though that site primarily involved hospital operations, the principles underlying cleanup efforts—soil sampling, removal of contaminated material, and monitoring—are consistent with how the state addresses PFAS issues.

At the 300 Ohio Street site in Buffalo, a history of gasoline and diesel filling stations left portions of the property with soil requiring remediation. While this contamination was not necessarily PFAS-related, it illustrates how soil issues often overlap with broader environmental challenges. In many instances, identifying and remediating PFAS contamination in agriculture relies on the same framework DEC uses to address other pollutants. By testing soil regularly, using protective liners in landfills and controlling industrial discharge, state authorities hope to reduce PFAS migration into farmland.

Health effects of PFAS exposure

Although PFAS research is still evolving, existing findings indicate a range of potential health threats from prolonged exposure. I have looked at studies suggesting that PFAS may interfere with natural hormone function, contributing to issues such as thyroid disorders. PFAS have also been associated with elevated cholesterol, immune system deficiencies, and certain reproductive issues.

Because PFAS accumulate in the body, the same level of exposure may have different outcomes depending on an individual’s age or health status. Children, in particular, might face higher risks. Their developing organ systems and higher intake of water relative to body weight can increase vulnerability. Adults who work in industries using PFAS or who reside near heavily contaminated sites face a similar concern.

Scientists continue researching how PFAS interact with biological pathways at various exposure levels. Current evidence suggests a need for careful monitoring and effective filtration of drinking water to minimize the risk of health impacts.

PFAS-linked diseases in New York

Certain diseases have been highlighted for their association with PFAS exposure. While PFAS may not be the sole cause, these chemicals can exacerbate existing conditions or raise the likelihood of developing certain diseases. Below are some key health conditions linked to PFAS by public-health researchers in New York and beyond.

Kidney cancer

Some studies link high PFAS exposure to kidney cancer. PFOA and PFOS, two of the most studied PFAS chemicals, have shown possible carcinogenic properties when present at certain levels. Individuals living close to industrial sources or who rely on private wells with elevated PFAS levels may have an increased chance of developing kidney-related problems over time. Regular screening and medical consultations are recommended if you suspect significant exposure.

Testicular cancer

Exposure to PFAS has also been associated with testicular cancer. Researchers believe these chemicals can disrupt hormone-regulating pathways, which in turn may increase cancer risk. Testicular cancer is relatively rare, so patterns in communities with known PFAS contamination tend to stand out. While not every case in a contaminated region directly results from PFAS, epidemiological data can bolster the suspicion of a connection.

Thyroid disease

Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism, growth, and other critical functions PFAS may interfere with the thyroid gland’s ability to produce or regulate these hormones effectively. In New York, some residents living near known PFAS spills or industrial sites have voiced concerns over rising cases of thyroid disorders. Though definitive causation is challenging to prove, the correlation has given thyroid disease particular prominence in PFAS-related discussions.

Liver damage and cholesterol changes

Another area of concern involves liver damage and abnormal cholesterol levels. Elevated PFAS exposure can interfere with liver enzymes, potentially leading to fatty liver disease or other organ damage. Lab studies suggest that PFAS disrupt lipid metabolism, causing spikes in cholesterol that may raise the risk of cardiovascular problems. Given the importance of liver health in detoxifying the body, these findings underscore the necessity of addressing PFAS contamination swiftly.

Government response to PFAS in New York

New York has set some of the strictest drinking water standards in the nation for PFOA and PFOS. In January 2016, the state became the first to regulate PFOA as a hazardous substance, followed by the regulation of PFOS in April 2016. This regulatory framework empowers agencies to investigate, remediate, and hold polluters accountable when contamination is detected. The NYSDOH and DEC also publish guidelines for water testing, encouraging municipalities to evaluate their water sources and, if necessary, install or upgrade treatment systems.

In 2017, the state allocated $2.5 billion under the Clean Water Infrastructure Act to help communities upgrade drinking water and wastewater systems. These funds assist in mitigation, testing, and the replacement of aging pipelines. They also allow localities to develop advanced treatment technologies specialized for PFAS removal.

DEC and DOH PFAS mitigation programs

The DEC and DOH coordinate multiple initiatives targeting PFAS in soil, groundwater, and drinking water. One key element is the Water Quality Rapid Response Team formed in February 2016. This team brings together different agencies to investigate contamination reports swiftly and ensure corrective measures are initiated. They’ve overseen activities like the disposal of over 25,000 gallons of firefighting foam containing perfluorinated compounds and the sampling of water near suspected PFAS-using facilities.

Thermal treatment systems, such as the one introduced at the former Grumman settling ponds, use high temperatures to break down pollutants deep in the soil. The DEC also partners with municipal systems and, when necessary, private well owners to test for PFAS and to secure alternative water sources or filtration devices if contamination exceeds state guidelines.

Can you test your water or soil for PFAS in New York?

Yes. If you live near a site known or suspected to have PFAS contamination, you can request testing through local health departments or private labs. Some counties sponsor free or subsidized water testing for residents whose private wells might be affected. You can also hire a certified environmental testing company to take samples from your tap, well, or soil and analyze them for specific PFAS chemicals.

The DEC advises collecting “first draw” samples of water that has been sitting in the pipes for several hours to get an accurate reading. For soil, standard protocols may involve taking multiple samples across your property at varying depths. Because PFAS testing can be expensive, many homeowners rely on state or local programs that offer cost-sharing or free testing. If PFAS levels exceed recommended thresholds, filtration solutions like granular activated carbon (GAC) or reverse osmosis systems can help remove or significantly reduce contaminant levels.

Do you qualify for a PFAS lawsuit in New York?

If you or your family members have suffered PFAS-related health problems, you may be eligible to pursue legal action. Typically, PFAS lawsuits fall under personal injury or environmental tort claims. You might qualify if:

• You live in an area where PFAS contamination is documented, and you have been diagnosed with a related illness such as certain cancers, thyroid disease, or liver damage.

• Elevated levels of PFAS have been found in your well water, soil, or local public water system.

• You have mounting medical bills or have experienced other damages you believe are tied to PFAS exposure.

Before filing, you should gather documentation such as medical records, water test results, and any notices from state agencies about contamination levels in your neighborhood. An attorney experienced in environmental litigation can help you determine if you have a strong case. You can also consult with services like Legal Claim Assistant, which can connect you to lawyers offering free case evaluations.

For general background on PFAS lawsuits, you can read more at Legal Claim Assistant’s PFAS Lawsuit page. If your water supply was contaminated, their water contamination lawsuit resource provides further insight into potential legal avenues. Additionally, those concerned about industrial producers may want to review the DuPont lawsuit page for information on specific PFAS-related claims against major manufacturers.

Why choose Legal Claim Assistant

I recognize it can be overwhelming to navigate health concerns, property damage, or legal hurdles tied to PFAS New York contamination. Legal Claim Assistant offers a streamlined way to find qualified attorneys who specialize in PFAS litigation. By leveraging their platform, you gain:

• Personalized guidance: Based on your health exposure or property testing, they can point you toward relevant law firms.

• Free consultations: The attorneys in their network often provide free case reviews, helping you assess the strength of your claim without initial costs.

• Simplified documentation: They understand the complexities of PFAS lawsuits and can help you organize test results, medical bills, and other critical evidence.

With a track record of connecting individuals to reputable counsel, Legal Claim Assistant aims to ensure you get a clear, fact-based assessment of your legal options. If you suspect that PFAS exposure has harmed you or your family, their assistance can be an important step toward resolving health and financial uncertainties.

Frequently asked questions (FAQ)

As PFAS contamination continues to affect communities across New York, many residents are left with questions about exposure, safety, and potential legal action. Below, we address the most frequently asked questions to help you better understand the risks and your rights.